Partly that, and also it’s not quite clear whether he obtained the manuscript totally above board. Was he trying to increase the price he could get by creating an air of mystery around it? Or what was he up to? Wilfrid Voynich, shown here in a photograph taken around 1899, was never completely forthcoming about how he acquired the mysterious manuscript that bears his name. He said he found it in a castle, but that seems like he was trying to be unclear about where he got it. He was never clear in his lifetime about where it came from. Voynich himself shrouded the manuscript in mystery. And from there it went to the library of the Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher, and presumably stayed there until it ended up in a Jesuit archive outside Rome, where Wilfrid Voynich found it in 1911 or 1912. We know that the manuscript was in Prague in the early 1600s. Knowable: Do we know where the manuscript came from or who created it? This conversation has been edited for length and clarity. She spoke with Knowable about some of their insights. Seeing the manuscript in person got Bowern thinking: Even though her main research focus is on documenting endangered Indigenous languages in Australia (where she’s from), perhaps some of the statistical methods, software, and approaches that she and other linguists use to study and compare languages could be used to study the Voynich manuscript.īowern created and taught an undergraduate class to explore the possibilities, which she and post-doctoral researcher Luke Lindemann describe in a recent paper in the Annual Review of Linguistics. The mystery surrounding the Voynich manuscript has inspired novels, cameo appearances in popular TV shows and video games, and even a symphony - which debuted at Yale in 2017, along with an exhibit Bowern attended with a couple of her students. A “pharmaceutical” section depicts what may be herbal remedies - plant roots alongside medicine bottles - and a fifth section, unillustrated, has blocks of text demarcated with little stars. The section with the bathing nymphs is often called the balneological section, a reference to the science of baths and bathing. The astrological section includes zodiac charts and depictions of the sun and moon. The section on plants is the longest, making up just over half of the manuscript. It appears to have five main sections, she says. “It’s surprisingly small, a bit bigger than a paperback,” says Yale linguist Claire Bowern. The manuscript now resides in the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Yale University. None of these claims have gained widespread acceptance. In 2018, a pair of researchers, citing the apparent similarity of some of the manuscript’s plant illustrations to the flora of Central America, claimed that the manuscript was produced by the ancient Aztecs.Others have variously claimed that the underlying language is Latin, or one of the Romance languages or Hebrew.Some scholars have argued that the text is gibberish, the document an elaborate hoax. The manuscript takes its name from Wilfrid Voynich, the Polish-born antiquarian who acquired and publicized it in the early 20th century. If it’s written in code, no one has cracked it, though many have tried. Stranger still, the manuscript is not written in any known script or language. Its 200-odd pages contain dozens of colorful illustrations of plants, astrological diagrams, and naked female figures bathing in elaborately plumbed pools of green water. The 15th-century Voynich manuscript has puzzled scholars and confounded attempts to decipher it for centuries.
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Like other women artists of her era, Höch was largely overlooked. This work, emblematic of the Berlin Dada movement, was hailed at the First International Dada Fair in 1920 (though initially Grosz and Heartfield rejected Höch's inclusion and only softened their position on the advocacy of Höch's lover and artistic collaborator, Raoul Haussman). For her part, Höch described herself as a "photomonteur" (photo-mechanic): "our whole purpose was to integrate objects from the world of machines and industry in the world of art" she said. As art critic Laura Cumming wrote, "female acrobats leap and tumble among the soldiers, guns and plutocrats a juggling act of bristling vitality". At the same time, the image wryly challenges gender inequities, as a small map in the lower right shows the only countries that allowed women the vote. The asymmetrical composition reflects both the chaos of World War I, and the anarchic opposition borne of its aftermath. Implicitly commenting upon Weimar society, the work assembles images of establishment figures around the phrase "anti-dada" while various anti-establishment radicals and artists cluster around the word "DADA". Their "photocollages" draw attention to the seams between images with the goal of creating more intangible and more conceptual impressions amongst their audiences.ġ919 Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in GermanyĬomposed of clippings from mass media, this large photomontage combines images of industrial machines, leading contemporary figures, and text, in disruptive but ironic juxtapositions. Pop artists brought photomontage closest to the fields of collage and contemporary photographers such as Lorna Simpson and John Stezaker, have extended the collage effect beyond ironic playfulness.In this respect, their images pay homage to the very earliest form of "combination printing" though in these contemporary works technology has allowed the artist to blend different geographical sites and settings into whole new localities. Contemporary artists, such as Jeff Wall and Andreas Gursky, have exploited the boundless possibilities of digital technology to create transparent and seamless images out of multiple photographic exposures.Indeed, Surrealism effectively unshackled photomontage from its propagandist function and in so doing it widened the appreciation of the art form amongst an audience that wondered at the range of its new creative possibilities. Once adopted by the Surrealists photomontage, which allowed for artists to experiment with the idea of "automatic" (or chance) free association, was used to explore the potential for creating incredulous and uncanny relations.Indeed, photomontage can produce a unique, attention-grabbing, dynamism that is perfectly suited to the goals of propagandists. The political posters of the Dadaists and the Constructivists chose the photographic image above all others because the photograph communicates with an objectivity that can be lost with painting and written text. From its very earliest examples, photomontage has been the medium of choice for producers of propaganda and agitprop. In the Stone Age, Obsidian was used to make Obsidian blades and arrowheads: these sharp tools were used on the battlefield. The stone was named Obsidian after the Roman Obsius, who discovered the stone in Kenya, but Obsidian was used for many years before this. Use of Black Obsidian by humans can be traced back thousands of years in many civilisations worldwide. Where Does Black Obsidian Come From?īlack Obsidian can be found in many countries worldwide including the USA (for example, Oregon), Mexico, Greece, Japan, Turkey, and Kenya. Therefore, Obsidian is not crystalline, and is consequently not classed as a mineral. Obsidian is formed when a volcano erupts lava, and the lava cools so rapidly that there is not enough time for crystals to grow. Mineraloids are substances that look like minerals but do not display crystals (a key property of minerals): the unique formation process of Black Obsidian explains why it can be considered a mineraloid. Other forms of Obsidian include: Snowflake Obsidian, Sheen Obsidian, Rainbow Obsidian, and Fire Obsidian. What Is Black Obsidian Made Of?īlack Obsidian is a volcanic glass: technically, it is not a mineral, but may be classed as a mineraloid.īlack Obsidian is mostly composed of silicon dioxide, and the black colour of the stone comes from inclusions and impurities such as iron and magnesium/magnetite. Please note: this piece displays some small natural pits on its otherwise smooth, polished surface. This gorgeous Black Obsidian Point measuring 11.9cm tall displays a glistening black hue.īlack Obsidian is similar in appearance to other black stones such as Black Tourmaline, Jet, and Onyx. PRESS THE "OK"BUTTON WHEN ASKED TO BEGIN SESSION.Ĥ. PRESS THE "OK" BUTTON ON THE MDS2 TO REQUEST A L4DS2 SESSION FOR THE VEHICLE VIN INDICATED. THE "CANNOT READ VIN FROM DRB III" MESSAGE (ON THE MDS2) WILL BE REPLACED BY THE VEHICLE VIN. NOTE: AUTO CONNECTION WILL OCCUR ONCE THE DRB III, MDS2, AND VEHICLE ESTABLISH COMMUNICATION. Connect the MDS2 and DRBIII to the vehicle and switch the ignition key to"ON". Log onto the MDS2 (Mopar Diagnostic System).Ģ. WHEN USING THE MDS2 AND THE DRB III, THE SYSTEM MUST BE OPERATING AT CIS CD 2090 OR HIGHER (2090 ARRIVES IN DEALERSHIPS ON SEPTEMBER 3, 2001).ġ. NOTE: THE MDS2 AND DRB III ARE REQUIRED TO PERFORM PART OF THIS REPAIR. General Purpose Interface Bus Cable (GPIB) If other Diagnostic Trouble Codes ( DTC) are present, record them on the repair order and repair as necessary before proceeding further with this bulletin. Using the Diagnostic Scan Tool (DRBIII) with the appropriate Diagnostic Procedures, verify all engine/transmission systems are functioning as designed. If the vehicle is left idling, without use of the block heater, 1200 rpm operation will begin when the intake temperature drops below O☌ (32☏) and coolant is less than 60☌ (140☏).ġ. Use of the 110V block heater will not allow the feature to function after an overnight soak. NOTE: ANY TYPE OF AFTERMARKET IDLE SPEED KICKER THAT ACTIVATES THE APPS WILL DISABLE THIS FEATURE. In order to operate properly, the Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor ( APPS) must stay at idle. If the engine continues to idle and coolant temperature is at or below 60☌ (140°'F), the feature will re enable. Coolant Temperature is greater than 79☌ (175☏).Įngine speed will return to normal operation at 800 rpm. Vehicle Speed is greater than 0 mph or,ĥ. Throttle position is greater than 0% or,Ĥ. The Service Brake pedal is depressed or,ģ. The Automatic Transmission is placed in gear (forward or reverse) or,Ģ. This allows the engine to create increased heat in the cooling system, allowing more rapid engine warm up and cab heating.īoth features will automatically disable when one of the following occurs:ġ. The Service Brake pedal is not depressed and,Īdditionally, if Intake Manifold Temperature (IMT) is less than -9☌ (15☏), and all of the parameters above are met, three of the cylinders will be shut off upon reaching 1200 rpm, creating a slight change in engine sound which is normal. The Transmission is in Neutral or Park and,Ĥ. Coolant Temp is less than 60☌ (140☏) and,ģ. Intake Manifold Temperature less than 0☌ (32☏) and,Ģ. Once enabled, idle speed will slowly ramp up from 800 rpm to 1200 rpm when all of the following conditions are met:ġ. A new software feature, enabled or disabled through the DRB III (See instructions under Repair Procedure), reduces the chance of valve sticking and improves cab heat warm-up time. This allows varnishes/oils to condense on the exhaust valve stems, leading to stuck valves, and damaged valve train components. This bulletin involves selectively erasing and reprogramming the Engine Control Module ( ECM) with new software (Cal 55Tl8, 57Tl1, 56Tl3, 59T7b, and 59T8b.)Įxtended idle operation, especially in cold weather, can lead to stuck valves and bent push-tubes due to insufficient cylinder heat. NOTE: THIS BULLETIN APPLIES TO ALL RAM TRUCKS BUILT AFTER DECEMBER 17,1997 AND EQUIPPED WITH THE 24-VALVE 5.9L CUMMINS DIESEL ENGINE. The major benefit of SIP over lumpsum investment is that one need not time the market as you invest systematically through both the ups and downs of the market so the returns that you generate is weighted average return. Ideally you should invest (whether in SIP or Lumpsum) based on your investment profile which includes current income, expenditure, age, risk profile and financial goals. Yes, one can miss the payment of SIP if the fund that you have chosen provides the facility to pause the payment. Tenure: In this column one should enter the time period (in years) for which he/she is willing to make the investment. Rate can be selected on the basis of the fund’s past track record. In this SIP calculator you need to put rate of return on per annum basis. Investment amount: In this column put the SIP amount you wish to invest regularly.Įxpected Rate of Return: Here, you need to put the rate that he/she is expecting for the investments made during the entire period. Investment Type: Select whether you choose to make SIP on monthly basis or yearly basis. It then processes these inputs to give you the total future value of investments and total earnings generated by your investment. SIP Calculator or the SIP Investment Calculator uses some variables as inputs. This means that you need not commit huge amount of money that is difficult to pay in future. One can start a SIP with very small investment say Rs 500 per month. So, your investment gets sufficient time to enjoy the power of compounding. With SIP one can stay invested for a longer period of time thus, your money stays invested and generates return over a long term. So, in SIP the investments are done over different market cycles and therefore you benefit from rupee-cost averaging factor. In SIP you invest money without speculating the market condition i.e. For SIP you will have to decide the investment amount, the SIP date and the scheme in which you want to invest. Systematic Investment Plan or SIP is the most disciplined style of investment in which a fixed amount of money is invested at regular intervals (yearly, quarterly, monthly). Google announced completion of "Caffeine" on June 8, 2010, claiming 50% fresher results due to continuous updating of its index. The move was interpreted in some quarters as a response to Microsoft's recent release of an upgraded version of its own search service, renamed Bing, as well as the launch of Wolfram Alpha, a new search engine based on "computational knowledge". The new architecture provided no visual differences in the user interface, but added significant speed improvements and a new "under-the-hood" indexing infrastructure. In August 2009, Google invited web developers to test a new search architecture, codenamed "Caffeine", and give their feedback. In December 2017, Google began rolling out the change, having already done so for multiple websites. The change was a response to the continued growth in mobile usage, and a push for web developers to adopt a mobile-friendly version of their websites. In October 2016, Gary Illyes, a webmaster trends analyst with Google, announced that the search engine would be making a separate, primary web index dedicated for mobile devices, with a secondary, less up-to-date index for desktop use. In 2012, Google changed its search indexing tools to demote sites that had been accused of piracy. ĭespite Google search's immense index, sources generally assume that Google is only indexing less than 5% of the total Internet, with the rest belonging to the deep web, inaccessible through its search tools. Users can also activate " SafeSearch", a filtering technology aimed at preventing explicit and pornographic content from appearing in search results. Additionally, Google indexes some file types, being able to show users PDFs, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations, certain Flash multimedia content, and plain text files. For websites that are currently down or otherwise not available, Google provides links to cached versions of the site, formed by the search engine's latest indexing of that page. Google indexes hundreds of terabytes of information from web pages. As of mid-2016, Google's search engine has begun to rely on deep neural networks. Data about the frequency of use of search terms on Google can be openly inquired via Google Trends and have been shown to correlate with flu outbreaks and unemployment levels, and provide the information faster than traditional reporting methods and surveys. In 2012, Google introduced a Knowledge Graph semantic search feature.Īnalysis of the frequency of search terms may indicate economic, social and health trends. In 2011, Google introduced " Google Voice Search" to search for spoken, rather than typed, words. It was originally developed in 1996 by Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Scott Hassan. The main purpose of Google Search is to search for text in publicly accessible documents offered by web servers, as opposed to other data, such as images or data contained in databases. Google Search also provides many different options for customized searches, using symbols to include, exclude, specify or require certain search behavior, and offers specialized interactive experiences, such as flight status and package tracking, weather forecasts, currency, unit, and time conversions, word definitions, and more. The order of search results returned by Google is based, in part, on a priority rank system called " PageRank". Additionally, it is the most searched and used search engine in the entire world. It is the most-visited website in the world. Handling more than 3.5 billion searches per day, it has a 92% share of the global search engine market. Google Search (also known simply as Google or ) is a search engine provided and operated by Google. Use a trap in your kitchen sink outlet to ensure that you catch and dispose of all the food particles. When food particles get trapped in the kitchen sink’s drain pipe, they can cause an odour problem over time. Keeping the kitchen sink drain odour free Let your style of doing the dishes and the size of your dishes dictate the sink size you choose. When buying double kitchen sinks, ensure that each bowl has a separate drain.Ī huge single bowl sink is a better option if you wash many large dishes that need more space to manoeuvre. With a double-bowl sink, you don’t have to hurry to do the dishes to clear up the sink space. A double-bowl sink also allows you to separate soiled dishes from the additional working sink. You can use hot water in the washing bowl alone. You can use one bowl for washing and the other for rinsing. Single and double bowl kitchen sinksĪ double kitchen sink makes it easier to wash dishes by hand. A 20 to 30-inch long sink would be sufficient for average usage. The under-sink cabinet should also be able to fit both the weight and depth of the sink. The size of your countertop should accommodate the sink you choose. A huge sink will overwhelm a small kitchen. Select a sink size that is appropriate for your kitchen size as well as your usage pattern. An inset/drop-in sink is usually more affordable and easier to install by yourself than an under-mounted sink. It is also easier to clean as there is no lip around which food particles and debris can collect. An under-mounted sink saves the amount of counter space that the lip of the sink would take up. An under-mounted sink rests under the kitchen countertop and creates a seamless look. It rests on the counter with a visible lip. An inset or drop-in sink is placed into the kitchen counter from above. The name of the sink suggests the way that it is installed. Make your work easier by installing our KNIPEN stainless steel liquid detergent dispenser within your sink or your worktop - you won’t have to keep on reaching for your detergents or dish wash bars anymore! And our EDSVIK dual control tap with its sleek curvy body and water-aerator will make an elegant addition to your kitchen sink while helping you conserve water. What’s more, its surface is extremely thick and non-porous so dirt and bacteria don’t stick to it - thereby making it easy to clean. Whereas our HÄLLVIKEN sink aims to impress with its black quartz framework and sloped draining board with lid. Reinvent your kitchen or decorate the kitchen of your dreams with our selection of METOD kitchen taps & sinks from IKEA! Our BREDSJÖN sink offers an appealing combo of functionality and looks with its pure stainless steel body and two separate bowls - useful for washing both dishes and fruits at the same time. Top-of-the-line accessories for your modular kitchen Recording Industry Association of America.
The cake is lightly frosted with the whipped cream as well. The filling between cake layers are the brandied cherries mixed into the boozy, sweetened whipped cream. The cake is very light and has added flavor with the brandied cherry juice brushed onto the layers after baking. It is usually two layers, I went with three since I love to make huge cakes. This cake cane be made in a variety of ways, layer cake being the most popular. A chocolate sponge cake, made light and fluffy with whipping eggs and sugar to triple their size before baking, brandied cherries, kirschwasser, a clear cherry brandy, in the whipped cream, with chocolate curls and cherries for garnish. German Black Forest cake is a classic German dessert. Frankenstein says " I'm not partial to desserts myself, but this is quite good." as he is eating the cake. They are eating dessert, which is the cake I have made for this post, Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte (German Black Forest Cake). Frankenstein in a tux, Inga in an evening gown. They think their experiment hasn't worked and are sitting down for what looks like a very formal dinner. Frankenstein to find his grandfather's laboratory and private library.įollowing the sounds to get to the private library begins with one of my most favorite scenes in the film, "Put the candle back!!" Frau Blücher ( cue the horses freaking out) is the house manager and lures Dr. He soon sets off for Transylvania to see the castle he has inherited that includes his great grandfather's laboratory where he used to bring back the dead to life. He meets Igor ( pronounced EYE-gore, not EEE-gore) and Inga, his laboratory assistants. Frankenstein ( Pronounced FRONK-en-Steen not Frank-en-Stein in the movie) in his college medical class with a visit from a clergyman with his great grandfather's will. Young Frankenstein is such a well made movie, so funny, so many classic lines and amazing acting. Gene Wilder, the star of "Young Frankenstein" recently passed away and I had been meaning to make this cake for a while now, and now with his passing as well as Turner Classic Movies honoring him this week I felt it was fitting to share it. This cake isn't quite " Seven and a half feet long. I made mine 3 tall layers to be larger than life similar to the creature in Young Frankenstein. It is one of my favorite cakes, one that is in my Grandma's recipe box I inherited, and part of one of my absolute favorite movies, "Young Frankenstein" by Mel Brooks.Ĭlassic German Black Forest Cakes are usually 2-3 small layers, typically one layer baked cut into three layers. I have had this Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte ( German Black Forest Cake) on my to bake for my blog list for a long time now. Spiked with cherry liqueur, this is a showstopper of a cake in both taste and presentation. Towering layers of chocolate cake filled with whipped cream, dark cherries and decorated with chocolate curls. Jump to Recipe Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte, also known as German Black Forest Cake. Nearly four years later, the flexi disc made its first (and last) appearance in Spectrum, accompanying an article entitled “ Voice signals: bit-by-bit,” written by Jon W. This flexi disc is, in effect, an audio time capsule preserving the state of speech-digitization research in the early 1970s. For example, the December 1969 issue of National Geographic was dedicated to the Apollo 11 lunar landing and contained a sonic retrospective of the space race (“ Sounds of the Space Age”) narrated by Apollo 8 commander Frank Borman. Recordings were not limited to musical performances. In the United States, the Eva-Tone Company of Deerfield, Ill., became the leading manufacturer of vinyl “sound sheets” (their preferred trademark) by the mid-1960s and promoted their use in “mailing pieces, financial reports, product instruction, sales training, and packaging inserts.”ĭue to their low cost, thin form factor, and pliability, flexi discs became the medium of choice for magazine publishers who wished to supplement articles with audio content. The technology had many precursors, including German “ gramophone postcards” and Soviet “ bone music”-jazz or rock recordings pressed onto discarded X-ray film to avoid government censorship. And there they would have stayed without a chance conversation and assistance from some very capable librarians and archivists.Ī slim square of vinyl, measuring 18 centimeters on a side, the record is what’s known as a flexi disc, a lightweight alternative to traditional records that became popular after World War II. Instead, they were encoded in the grooves of a phonograph record bound inside the magazine. The reason for their ongoing absence is that they never actually appeared in print. It is impossible for any other reader to locate them, even using the IEEE Xplore digital library. But unless you happen to have a perfectly preserved physical copy, you would never know they existed. These cryptic sentences-and more than a dozen like them-were contained in the October 1973 issue of IEEE Spectrum. “Few thieves are never sent to the judge.” Power and prestige-focused human spaceflight, Moon and Mars missions, and human settlement of the solar system, became NASA's enduring 'human spaceflight culture'.“The beach is dry and shallow at low tide.” Despite this, NASA leaders consistently underestimated, ignored or spun-off Earth 'applications' in the formative period of America's civilian space programme. NASA was advised from 1959 onwards that earthly concerns - and practical worldly benefits - were necessary to create broad and enduring support for space explorations. NASA consistently misread the importance of the most popular science-based political movement of the late twentieth century. This is clear when examining NASA's relations with earthly applications in the late 1950s and 1960s and with fast-emergent environmentalism in the 1970s and 1980s. But the early leaders of a self-consciously elite science and technology agency rarely saw Earth as a part of 'space' or solar system exploration. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created in 1958 to develop America's non-military space effort. |